As work on the 'Apple Car' progresses, Apple is coming up with new ways to improve automated driving systems, including using other sensors to enhance LiDAR scans to better determine what's on the. Decision Maker is the app to help you out of a bind when you just can't make up your mind! When you or your group can't decide: - where to eat - what activity to get into - which friends to call - which movie to go see - what place to visit Whatever the nature of your indecision, Decision Maker will help you make one.
Decision-making software (DM software) is software for computer applications that help individuals and organisations make choices and take decisions, typically by ranking, prioritizing or choosing from a number of options.
- In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options. Decision-making is the process of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values, preferences and beliefs of the decision-maker.
- Decision trees serve many purposes that revolve around decision making. The following though are the main reasons why a decision tree is a vital part and parcel of your decision making: Solves Problems Effectively. The first and by far, the most significant benefit of this approach to decision making. The use of this tree does make the process.
An early example of DM software was described in 1973.[1][2] Before the advent of the World Wide Web, most DM software was spreadsheet-based,[2] with the first web-based DM software appearing in the mid-1990s.[3] Nowadays, many DM software products (mostly web-based) are available[4][5][6][7] – e.g. see the comparison table below.
Most DM software focuses on ranking, prioritizing or choosing from among alternatives characterized on multiple criteria or attributes.[4] Thus most DM software is based on decision analysis, usually multi-criteria decision-making, and so is often referred to as 'decision analysis'[5][6] or 'multi-criteria decision-making'[4] software – commonly shortened to 'decision-making software'. Some decision support systems include a DM software component.
Purpose[edit]
DM software can assist decision-makers 'at various stages of the decision-making process, including problem exploration and formulation, identification of decision alternatives and solution constraints, structuring of preferences, and tradeoff judgements.'[4]
The purpose of DM software is to support the analysis involved at these various stages of the decision-making process, not to replace it. DM software 'should be used to support the process, not as the driving or dominating force.'[8]
DM software frees users 'from the technical implementation details [of the decision-making method employed], allowing them to focus on the fundamental value judgements'.[8] Nonetheless, DM software should not be employed blindly. 'Before using a software, it is necessary to have a sound knowledge of the adopted methodology and of the decision problem at hand.'[9]
Methods and features[edit]
Decision-making methods[edit]
As mentioned earlier, most DM software is based on multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). MCDM involves evaluating and combining alternatives' characteristics on two or more criteria or attributes in order to rank, prioritize or choose from among the alternatives.[10]
DM software employs a variety of MCDM methods;[8] popular examples include:
- Aggregated Indices Randomization Method (AIRM)
- Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
- Analytic network process (ANP, an extension of AHP)
- Elimination and Choice Expressing Reality (ELECTRE)
- Multi-attribute global inference of quality (MAGIQ)
- Potentially All Pairwise RanKings of all possible Alternatives (PAPRIKA)
- Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE)
- Evidential reasoning approach for MCDM under hybrid uncertainty
There are significant differences between these methods[8][10] and, accordingly, the DM software implementing them. Such differences include:
- The extent to which the decision problem is broken into a hierarchy of sub-problems;
- Whether or not pairwise comparisons of alternatives and/or criteria are used to elicit decision-makers' preferences;
- The use of interval scale or ratio scale measurements of decision-makers' preferences;
- The number of criteria included;
- The number of alternatives evaluated, ranging from a few (finite) to infinite;
- The extent to which numerical scores are used to value and/or rank alternatives;
- The extent to which incomplete rankings (relative to complete rankings) of alternatives are produced;
- The extent to which uncertainty is modeled and analyzed.
Software features[edit]
In the process of helping decision-makers to rank, prioritize or choose from among alternatives, DM software products often include a variety of features and tools;[3][4] common examples include:
- Group evaluation (teamwork)
- Web-based implementation
Comparison of decision-making software[edit]
DM software includes the following notable examples.
![Decision making software for mac pro Decision making software for mac pro](/uploads/1/2/6/4/126431074/415378145.jpg)
Software | Supported MCDA Methods | Pairwise Comparison | Sensitivity Analysis | Group Evaluation | Web-based | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1000minds | PAPRIKA | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [4][5][6] |
Ahoona | WSM, Utility | No | No | Yes | Yes | [11] |
Altova MetaTeam | WSM | No | No | Yes | Yes | [citation needed] |
Analytica | No | Yes | No | Yes | [4][5] | |
Criterium DecisionPlus | AHP, SMART | Yes | Yes | No | No | [4] |
D-Sight | PROMETHEE, UTILITY | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [4][5] |
DecideIT | MAUT | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [4][5] |
Decision Lens | AHP, ANP | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [citation needed] |
Expert Choice | AHP | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [4][5] |
Hiview3 | SMART | No | Yes | Yes | No | [4][5] |
Intelligent Decision System | Evidential Reasoning Approach, Bayesian Inference, Dempster–Shafer theory, Utility | Yes | Yes | Yes | Available on request | [5] |
Logical Decisions | AHP | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [4][5][6] |
M-MACBETH | MACBETH | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [4] |
PriEsT | AHP | Yes | Yes | No | No | [12] |
Super Decisions | AHP, Analytic Network Process | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | [13] |
Decision-making Software Reviews
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Dyer, JS (1973), 'A time-sharing computer program for the solution of the multiple criteria problem', Management Science, 19: 1379-83.
- ^ abWallenius, J, Dyer, JS, Fishburn, PC, Steuer, RE, Zionts, S and Deb, K (1992), 'Multiple criteria decision making, multiattribute utility theory: The next ten years', Management Science, 38: 645-54.
- ^ abKoksalan, M, Wallenius, J, and Zionts, S, Multiple Criteria Decision Making: From Early History to the 21st Century, World Scientific Publishing: Singapore, 2011.
- ^ abcdefghijklmnWeistroffer, HR, and Li, Y, 'Multiple criteria decision analysis software', Ch 29 in: Greco, S, Ehrgott, M and Figueira, J, eds, Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys Series, Springer: New York, 2016.
- ^ abcdefghijOleson, S (2016), 'Decision analysis software survey', OR/MS Today 43(5).
- ^ abcdAmoyal, J (2018), 'Decision analysis software survey', OR/MS Today 45(5).
- ^Ishizaka, A.; Nemery, P. (2013). Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. doi:10.1002/9781118644898. ISBN9781118644898.
- ^ abcdBelton, V, and Stewart, TJ, Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: An Integrated Approach, Kluwer: Boston, 2002.
- ^Figueira, J, Greco, S and Ehrgott, M, 'Introduction', Ch 1 in: Figueira, J, Greco, S and Ehrgott, M, eds, Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys Series, Springer: New York, 2005.
- ^ abWallenius, J, Dyer, JS, Fishburn, PC, Steuer, RE, Zionts, S and Deb, K (2008), 'Multiple criteria decision making, multiattribute utility theory: Recent accomplishments and what lies ahead', Management Science 54: 1336-49.
- ^http://create.usc.edu/sites/default/files/publications//dmsocialnetworkswithcover.pdf
- ^Siraj, S., Mikhailov, L. and Keane, J. A. (2013), 'PriEsT: an interactive decision support tool to estimate priorities from pairwise comparison judgments'. International Transactions in Operational Research. doi: 10.1111/itor.12054
- ^'www.creativedecisions.org'
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